Synodalité et règles ecclésiales de base
Synodalité et règles ecclésiales de base
Un groupe d'évêques américains profite d'une visite ad limina pour ébranler le pape François
Massimo Faggioli
États-Unis
4 mars 2020
Pie XII, pape de 1939 à 1958, aurait utilisé cette salutation particulière pour accueillir certains évêques lorsqu'ils venaient le rencontrer : "Monseigneur, n'hésitez pas à vous agenouiller où vous voulez."
Les temps ont changé ! Depuis le Concile Vatican II (1962-65), le trône de Pierre a perdu de sa superbe. Il règne désormais une atmosphère beaucoup plus fraternelle et informelle lorsque le pape rencontre d'autres évêques. Cela est particulièrement vrai lors des visites ad limina[1], que les évêques sont tenus de faire à Rome tous les cinq ans afin de faire un rapport sur l'état de leur diocèse.
Mais comme le disait Chaucer[2] au XIVe siècle, "la familiarité engendre le mépris". Cela explique peut-être pourquoi certains prélats ont pensé pouvoir profiter de l'évêque de Rome en lui prêtant des paroles qu’il n’a pas prononcées.
Le comportement malsain de certains évêques américains
C’est ce qui s'est produit récemment après que les évêques de la Région XIII aux États-Unis (Arizona, Colorado, Nouveau-Mexique, Utah et Wyoming) aient effectué leurs visites ad limina.
Deux membres anonymes de leur groupe ont cherché à manipuler cette rencontre en prétendant que le pape François leur avait dit qu'il était furieux contre le père James Martin, sj, et son ministère auprès des catholiques LGBT.
Cette agression ecclésiastique contre le jésuite américain a fait l'objet d'un article publié le 20 février par le rédacteur en chef de la Catholic News Agency (CNA, Nouvelle Agence de presse Catholique), basée à Denver (Colorado). Mais l'opération a été mal gérée et s'est rapidement retournée contre lui. Deux évêques présents à cette réunion avec le pape - John Wester de Santa Fe et Steven Biegler de Cheyenne - ont pris la parole et dénoncé l’inexistence des propos prêtés à François.
Bien que ces deux évêques aient remis les pendules à l'heure, un grave problème subsiste. Il est clair que certains dirigeants catholiques américains tentent d'affaiblir l'autorité du pape et de nuire à sa crédibilité. Cette tentative n'est qu'un exemple de plus d'une campagne implacable aux tons clairement homophobes. Elle coure depuis un certain temps déjà et est menée par un groupe de dirigeants de l'Église et de journalistes. Deux jours seulement avant l'article de l'ANC, le même auteur avait publié une critique cinglante du père Martin dans les pages du magazine néo-traditionaliste First Things.
Nous n'avons jamais été témoins d'une tentative aussi éhontée de certains évêques de manipuler les paroles de François. C'est la manifestation d'un manque de respect sans précédent envers le pape, tant envers sa personne qu'envers son autorité.
De la formalité à la familiarité
Il conviendra de noter que le format des visites "ad limina" est devenu moins structuré au cours des deux dernières décennies.
Jean-Paul II rencontrait en privé, en tête-à-tête, tous les évêques. À de rares exceptions près, il accordait à chacun exactement 15 minutes de son temps. Benoît XVI a supprimé cette pratique et a commencé à inviter des groupes d'une dizaine d'évêques pour une réunion qui durait environ une heure. Bien entendu, il faisait également des exceptions et rencontrait parfois un évêque individuellement.
Lors de leurs visites ad limina, les évêques rencontrent également les responsables des différents bureaux de la Curie. Autrefois, beaucoup de ces fonctionnaires du Vatican profitaient de l'occasion pour donner des conférences aux évêques. Mais ce n'est plus le cas sous François. Le pape argentin a facilité les rencontres fraternelles entre les évêques en visite et leurs confrères dans les dicastères du Vatican. Il a également apporté une modification à l’audience papale ad limina : au lieu de tenir des réunions individuelles ou en petits groupes, il passe 90 minutes ou plus avec les évêques de toute une région.
Le pape ne prononce pas de discours officiel pour ces occasions. Il passe plutôt le temps dans une conversation libre avec ses invités, répondant généralement aux questions et proposant des conseils.
Comme il n'y a pas de texte papal officiel, la presse n'est informée des sujets abordés pendant la visite que par les évêques présents. Ce format garantit une rencontre plus conviviale, mais il suppose également que les évêques soient sincères lorsqu'ils relatent la rencontre aux médias et aux habitants de leur diocèse.
Besoin d'un nouveau type de visite ad limina
Le format complet de la visite ad limina devrait être repensé - en particulier à la lumière de la crise des abus sexuels - pour une plus grande transparence et l’implication des communautés locales dans l'ensemble du processus (avant, pendant et après la visite). Cela dit, les changements de ces dernières années vont dans la bonne direction.
Il est louable que François s'entretienne avec les évêques. Mais je ne me souviens pas que des évêques aient essayé de profiter de la situation pour tenter d'attaquer un membre de leur Église pour saper sa crédibilité. Il est inquiétant que cela vienne de se produire. C'est un symptôme de la volonté d'adopter les contre-vérités comme une arme dans la guerre civile que certains évêques mènent dans l'Église catholique. Ce n'est pas la première fois que nous voyons certains évêques américains faire preuve d'un tel manque de respect envers François.
Le pape François est aveuglé
Il y a eu la manipulation de l'agenda du pape lors de sa visite aux États-Unis en septembre 2015, puis, à partir de 2016, la défiance envers l’enseignement d’Amoris Laetitia sur le mariage et la famille, puis l'accueil équivoque que certains évêques ont réservé aux menaces de l'archevêque Carlo Maria Vigano à l'encontre du pape en août 2018. Et on n’oubliera pas la bavure de la réunion de la conférence des évêques à Baltimore en novembre 2018.
La manipulation de la récente visite ad limina s'inscrit au cœur de ces évènements choquants.
Si l'on met de côté l'absence d’éthique journalistique à rapporter des mots mis dans la bouche du pape par des évêques anonymes (la nécessité de protéger les dénonciateurs est tout autre chose), le plus scandaleux est l'effondrement total des règles ecclésiales de base chez des évêques, membres de l'épine dorsale de l'Église.
Une opération cynique visant à affaiblir l'évêque de Rome
La petite minorité d'évêques qui a tenté de manipuler le pape a montré son incapacité à respecter les exigences évidentes de confidentialité qui doivent protéger une rencontre visant à renforcer les liens entre les Eglises locales et le successeur de Pierre. Cette opération a été marquée par un cynisme particulier. Ceux qui l'ont montée savaient que le Vatican ne pouvait pas répondre officiellement pour désavouer les mots que des évêques anonymes - avec l'aide d’une source de presse catholique - ont prêtés au pape.
Il s'agissait d'une nouvelle tentative de piéger François dans la guerre que certains évêques américains mènent contre l'enseignement et les réformes de ce pontificat. Il est particulièrement sinistre que leur arsenal utilise un appareil médiatique qui se dit la voix du catholicisme orthodoxe.
Dans cette guerre la règle du jeu semble être empruntée à l'administration Trump : dire tout ce qui est nécessaire pour marquer un point politique, aussi faux ou inventé soit-il, même si cela risque de nuire à la réputation du pape. Le dernier fiasco laisse la place à une possible escalade. On ne peut qu'imaginer ce qui se passera lors du prochain conclave.
La cible la plus immédiate, cependant, pourrait être la réforme synodale de l'Église. La synodalité ouvre de nouveaux espaces de dialogue dans l'Église. Elle offre une nouvelle liberté qui doit être utilisée de manière responsable, en premier lieu par les évêques.
Ce que nous avons vu récemment dans le comportement abusif de certains évêques - abusif à l'égard d'autres membres de l'Église et de l'évêque de Rome - est une violation des règles ecclésiales fondamentales. C'est un signe de paralysie ecclésiale dans le catholicisme américain : non seulement le mot synodalité est encore largement inconnu et mystérieux pour un certain nombre de dirigeants de l'Église aux États-Unis, mais il semble que certains d'entre eux aient adopté divers comportements, stratagèmes et subterfuges, qui ne devraient pas appartenir à la vie ecclésiale.
Le général et théoricien militaire prussien du XIXe siècle Carl von Clausewitz a dit, de façon célèbre : "La guerre n'est rien d'autre que la continuation de la politique par un autre moyen".
D'une manière différente, peut-être, la guerre contre une Église plus synodale est-elle devenue la continuation des guerres culturelles par d'autres moyens.
Synodality and basic ecclesial norms
A group of US bishops use 'ad limina' visit to undermine Pope Francis
March 4, 2020
Pius XII, who reigned as pope from 1939-58, is said to have used this peculiar greeting to welcome certain bishops when they came to meet him:
"Monsignor, please feel free to kneel wherever you want."
How times have changed! In the years since the Second Vatican Council (1962-65), the Throne of Peter has been put into mothballs.
There is now a much more fraternal and informal atmosphere whenever the pope meets other bishops. That is particularly true during the "ad limina" visits, which bishops are required to make to Rome every five years in order to give a report on the state of their dioceses.
But as Chaucer said in the 14thcentury, "Familiarity breeds contempt." And perhaps that helps explain why some prelates have felt they can take advantage of the Bishop of Rome by putting words in his mouth.
Badly behaved US bishops
This happened recently after the bishops of Region XIII in the United States (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming) made their "ad limina" visits.
Two unnamed members of their group sought to manipulate the meeting by claiming Pope Francis had told them he was furious with Fr. James Martin SJ and his ministry to LGBT Catholics.
It was an ecclesiastical-journalistic hit-job against the American Jesuit that came in an article published on Feb. 20 by the editor of the Denver-based "Catholic News Agency" (CNA).
But the operation was mismanaged in such an incoherent and inarticulate way that it quickly backfired.
Two other prelates who were at that meeting with the pope – Archbishop John Wester of Santa Fe and Bishop Steven Biegler of Cheyenne – spoke on the record and denounced the anonymous account as having never happened.
Although these two bishops set the record straight, there is a serious problem that remains. It is clear that some US Catholic leaders are trying to weaken Pope Francis' authority and damage his credibility.
This particular attempt was just another instance of a relentless campaign that has clear homophobic tones. It has been underway for some time now and is being waged by a cast of Church leaders and journalists.
Just two days before the CNA article, the same author issued a blistering critique of Fr. Martin in the pages of neo-traditionalist magazine, First Things.
Modern times have never witnessed such a shameless attempt by certain bishops to manipulate the words of the pope. This is the manifestation of an unprecedented disrespect of the pope – both him and his authority.
It's worth noting that the format of the "ad limina" has become less structured over the past couple of decades.
From formality to familiarity
John Paul II would meet privately, one-on-one, with every single bishop. With rare exceptions, he would give each of them exactly 15 minutes of his time.
Benedict XVI eliminated this practice and, instead, began inviting groups of about ten bishops at a time for a meeting that lasted roughly an hour. Of course, he also made exceptions and would, at times, meet a bishop individually.
During their "ad limina" visits the bishops also meet with the heads of various Roman Curia offices. And, in the old days, many of these Vatican officials used the occasion to lecture the bishops.
But not so under Pope Francis. The Argentine pope has facilitated fraternal gatherings between the visiting bishops and their confreres in the Vatican dicasteries.
He has also made a further modification to the papal audience part of the "ad limina." Instead of holding one-on-one or small group meetings, he spends 90 minutes or more with the bishops of an entire region.
The pope delivers no formal speech for these occasions. Rather, he spends the time in a free-flowing conversation with his guests, usually answering questions and offering advice.
Since there's no official papal text, the press learns of the matters discussed during the visit only from the bishops who attended. This format ensures a friendlier meeting, but it also assumes the bishops will be truthful when they recount the experience to the media and the people of their dioceses.
Need for a new type of 'ad limina' visit
The entire format of the "ad limina" should actually be re-thought, especially in light of the sex abuse crisis. There should be greater transparency and local communities should be involved in the entire process (before, during, and after the visit).
That being said, the changes of the last few years go in the right direction.
It is laudable that Francis speaks conversationally with the bishops. But I do not recall bishops trying to take advantage of the "ad limina" in an attempt to attack a member of their Church, at the cost of undermining the credibility of what is attributed to the pope in the press.
It is disturbing that this happened recently. It is a symptom of the will to embrace post-truth as a legitimate weapon in the civil war some bishops want to wage in the Catholic Church.
But, in a way, it also feels a bit like déjà vu. It is not the first time we've seen certain US bishops show such disrespect for Francis.
Blind-siding Pope Francis
There was the manipulation of the pope's agenda during his visit to the United States in September 2015.
Then, beginning in 2016, there was the well-documented defiance of his teaching on marriage and the family in Amoris Laetitia.
This was followed by the equivocal reception some bishops gave to Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigano's threats against the pope in August 2018.
And one must not forget the blunder of the bishops' conference meeting in Baltimore in November 2018.
The manipulation of the recent "ad limina" visit fits among these as yet another shocking moment in a rather unique history.
Leaving aside the lack of professional journalistic standards showed by quoting unnamed bishops to put words in the pope's mouth (the need to protect whistleblowers is something else altogether), the most scandalous part is that it reveals the total collapse of basic ecclesial norms in members of the very backbone of the institutional Church, the bishops.
A cynical operation aimed at weakening the Bishop of Rome
The small minority of bishops that tried to manipulate the pope has shown its inability to even respect the obvious requirements of confidentiality that must necessarily protect a meeting aimed at strengthening the bonds between the local churches and the Successor of Peter.
There was a particular kind of cynicism in this operation. Those who mounted it knew that the Vatican could not respond officially and on the record to disavow the words the unnamed bishops – with the help of a Catholic news source – put in the mouth of the pope.
This was another attempt to ambush Pope Francis in the asymmetrical war that some US bishops are waging against the teaching and reforms of this pontificate. Particularly sinister is the fact that their arsenal that is made up of a mass media apparatus that calls itself the voice of orthodox Catholicism.
In this asymmetrical war, the playbook seems to be taken from the Trump administration: say whatever is necessary, no matter how false or fabricated, to score a political point – even if it risks damaging the pope's reputation.
The latest fiasco signals a possible escalation. One can only imagine what will happen at the next conclave.
The more immediate target, however, may be the synodal reform of the Church.
Synodality opens new spaces for dialogue in the Church. It offers a new freedom that must be used responsibly, first of all by the bishops.
What we have seen with is most recent incident is a violation of basic ecclesial norms and the promotion of abusive behavior by some bishops – abusive of other members of the Church and of the Bishop of Rome.
It is a sign of ecclesial paralysis in US Catholicism.
Not only is synodality still a largely unknown and mysterious word for a number of Church leaders in the United States, it seems that some of them have adopted various ploys and type of subterfuge that do not belong to ecclesial conversation.
The 19thcentury Prussian general and military theorist Carl von Clausewitz famously said, "War is nothing more than the continuation of politics by another means."
In a different way, perhaps, the procedures for a more synodal Church have become the continuation of the cultural wars by other means.
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